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| 1) Select nZEB actions not to be included in the process | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1.1 Political and legal framework for nZEB |
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1.5 Regional targets |
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1.9 Solar access in urban layout |
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1.13 Energy targets |
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1.17 Requirement analysis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1.2 Funding schemes for nZEB |
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1.6 Assessment of potentials |
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1.10 Urban microclimate |
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1.14 Integrative design team |
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1.18 Efficient use of land | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1.3 Awareness raising |
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1.7 Urban Masterplanning |
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1.11 Microgrids |
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1.15 Life Cycle Costs |
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1.19 Renewable potential | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1.4 Regional efficiency improvement targets |
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1.8 Orientation and zoning |
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1.12 Seasonal storage |
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1.16 Permit for renewables | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2) Define main drivers, targets, dates and track the status of the actions throughout the life cycle phase | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Actions (Task Description) |
Main
driver (Lead) |
Specification
(Quantitative / Qualitative Targets) |
Start Date | Deadline | Status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1,1 | Definition Political and legal frame work for NZEBs |
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❶Description of the
Action Development of laws and regulation designed to achieve NZEB policy goals: - The European Union defines the legal framework of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) in the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) which is regularly revised and updated. Same is true for the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) and the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) which indirectly supports the development of NZEB in Europe. - Due to the principle of subsidiarity the EU member countries lay down their national building codes following the EPBD. - In some countries like Austria the regional state governments themselves detail and modify this EU/national legal guidelines for NZEB in their own way. |
❷ Importance: Buildings, defined and calculated following the limit values of the EPBD and national NZEB regulation, can be benchmarked against each other. Minimum limits of energy demand or CO2-reduction goals can be formulated based on the legal framework and cannot be argued any more. International agreed procedure is implemented. |
❸ Difficulty: - Loss of innovations by setting a technical framework - Choosing the wrong benchmarks might lead to long-term failure - The short-term social-econmic costs could be high |
❹Standards and
Regulations: - Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010/31/EC (EPBD) - EN standards like ISO 52016-1 (2017), ISO 52003-1 (2017 ) - National as: Austrian OIB RL6 |
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1,2 | Funding Schemes for NZEB Buildings |
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❶Description of the
Action Some new technologies and concepts helping NZEB uptake need support in the sense of market development and penetration. Therefor different EU countries and regions give subsidies to allow this uptake of new concepts in buildings. For some reasons these funding schemes are very important to implement energy efficiency concepts and for showing frontrunners to learn from. The quality of the financial support is very different but it is worth looking for it, because at least for the higher planning effort of NZEB it could be crucial to have fundung or not. Authorities could set up new funding programmes for NZEB. Planners advice the owners about these programmes during the planning process. |
❷ Importance: Help to overcome financial barriers in the beginning of a building's planning process, where normally not a lot of money is there to be invested. For example in Austria there exist funding schemes where housing associations can claim environmentally relevant extra costs in some NZEB projects, which make first steps easier. |
❸ Difficulty: - Funding schemes depend very much on politics - In some market situations funding schemes are not interesting enough to drive NZEB developments - A jungle of different subsidy and funding schemes decreases the efficiency of the instrument for a specific aim like NZEB |
❹Standards and
Regulations: - EU funding https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/funding-grants_en plus national funding services like https://www.foerderpilot.at/ in Austria - COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1407/2013 (De Minimis regulation) for enterprises |
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1,3 | Development and Implementation of strategies for awareness raising |
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❶Description of the
Action Awareness raising activities should always accompany political decisions on a legal framework for energy and building performance goals. Otherwise stakeholders will not understand and hardly accept restrictions for the construction sector. Best strategy would be to break down the energy and CO2-goals / -requirements into easy understandable pieces for each stakeholder. In a way, efficiency information such as energy performance certificates could also be used as a tool for awareness raising, but the potential of such certification is not very successfully exploited at the moment. |
❷ Importance: - Awareness raising campaigns are often accompanied by services which could be used to translate regulation into implementable measures, which makes it easier to be accepted by stakeholders - A good starting point to activate the civil society and found organisations which help to implement energy requirements |
❸ Difficulty: - Could be misused for lobbying from market actors leading to different goals than insisted ones - Could be a weak instrument for changing minds if not professional implemented |
❹Standards and
Regulations: No general standards exist for awareness rasing campaigns, beside a lot of different ones of specific companies or organisations, also political parties like in Austria https://www.loc.gov/law/help/campaign-finance-regulation/austria.php |
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1,4 | Regional efficiency improvement targets supporting NZEB |
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❶Description of the
Action Not only European, national and regional legal requirements - the "regulatory tools" - but also energy reduction goals that can be set by a local government, either at the citywide community level, or applied to its own publicly owned or rented building stock, can be very important to help NZEB development. Municipal and city governments can and should introduce voluntary targets as a way to incentivize the private sector. They additionally can take government leadership by implementing frontrunner buildings and improving the public building stock. |
❷ Importance: - Binding local targets like NZEB standards for buildings, maybe supported by local incentives, can strenghten political statements and activate local sources - companies and people. - Lighthouse NZEB projects can serve as "knowledge-transfer" objects and test different technologies. |
❸ Difficulty: - Additional targets could increase the complexity of projects - Local NZEB targets could in some cases lead to high municipal investment costs - Undeliberated planning and unprofessional implementation of frontrunner projects could backfire the targets |
❹Standards and
Regulations: - klimaaktiv - Austrian voluntary building and energy certification system - klimabuendnis.org - Existing tools and methods supporting muicipalities, also on national level - Servicepackage for public NZEB tendering and awarding for contracts e.g. https://www.umweltverband.at |
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1,5 | Set long term regional targets for spatial planning |
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❶Description of the
Action In order to achieve the NZEB goal, consistent concepts must be developed that include different urban development scale. EU member states agreed that all new buildings to be built from 2020 onwards will meet the near zero energy standard. New public-sector buildings must comply with this standard as early as 2019. Urban regulations and targets influence the energy consumption of building structures and these regulations should cover both the macro and micro areas in order to achieve integrated planning. This decay is intended to ensure that the sealing of areas does not increase any further, but rather that a "sensible" approach to soil as a resource is considered. Furthermore, urban development concepts that achieve a balance between building density and quality allow a high social standard, whereby energy consumption for transport can be reduced and non-motorised indifidual traffic can be optimised. |
❷ Importance: The strategic planning of building structures makes it possible to optimally exploit the energy potential and to create the prerequisites for the planning and construction of almost zero energy areas / cities / buildings. |
❸ Difficulty: Often insufficient data basis |
❹Standards and
Regulations: The standards must be set up! Right at the moment there are only regional specific guidelines which discribe an optimized spatial planning process. |
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1,6 | Assessment of the energy efficiency and renewable energy potentials |
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❶Description of the
Action The assessment of the energy efficiency potential could be easily done by energy performance calculations with variuos tools currently used. The potential of different renewable energy supply options may be divided into: - Generation on building (e.g. Solar and Wind) - On-site generation by on-site renewables (e.g. Solar and Wind) - On-site generation by off-site renewables (e.g. biomass) - Off-site generation (e.g. investment/production in wind mills, PV-plants etc.) - Off-site supply (existing renewables in the grid) If the share of renewables in the grid is high (off-site supply), the need for new on-site and/or off-site generation will be low (and vice versa). |
❷ Importance: The share of renewables in the grid (off-site supply) will have a direct effect on the need for on-site and/or off-site generation. But before using renewables the energy consumption should go down, so the energy efficiency increase. |
❸ Difficulty: - Local conditions may change (e.g. new adjacent buildings will result in more shading) - The share of renewables in the grid is constantly changing |
❹Standards and
Regulations: - EN ISO 52000 Energy performance of buildings – Overarching EPB assessment - EN ISO 52003 Energy performance of buildings – Indicators, requirements, ratings and certifcates - EN ISO 52016 Energy performance of buildings – Energy needs for heating and cooling, internal temperatures and sensible and latent heat loads |
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1,7 | Urban Masterplanning Allowing highly compact buildings |
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❶Description of the
Action The compactness of structures is given by the ratio of the heat-emitting envelope surface (A) to the heated volume (V), the so-called A / V ratio. The smaller the A / V ratio, the lower is the specific energy input to heat/cool the building. The smallest A / V ratio has a spherical object followed by a cube. Typical A / V ratios are: Detached single family houses 0.7 to over 1.0 Semi-detached houses 0.6 to 0.9 Row houses 0.4 to 0.6 Apartment buildings 0.2 to 0.5 Primarily, the A / V ratio depends on the absolute size of the structure, secondarily on its shape. Basically, the rule of thumb is to build as large a volume as possible. |
❷ Importance: With decisions on a quarter or urban masterplanning a high potential of energy savings arises from compactness of the building's layout allowed to be built. |
❸ Risks: - Limits the architectural freedom of planning - Very compact layout may cause challenges in offering daylight and fresh air in the inner parts of big-volume buildings |
❹Standards and
Regulations: Some national building codes include the survace/volume ratio in the calculation of limiting heat demand values, like in Austria. |
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1,8 | Optimize Building Orientation and Zoning |
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❶Description of the
Action The orientation of a building and the orientation of the windows significantly determine the heat gain and losses during the heating season, but also cooling demand during summer. East and west oriented windows receive 60%, north windows 40% of the usable solar radiation of a south-facing window. Due to the low morning and evening sun during summer, the east and west facing windows have greater overheating problems than south windows. The ability to maximize heat gains by orienting, zoning, and increasing the window area on the south side is often overestimated. Depending on the shape of the building and the proportion of the window area, the heat gain ranges from 4 to 8 kWh / m²GFA and year. Only with passive houses with an annual heating requirement of up to 15 kWh / (m²TFA.a) do these heat gains play a relevant role. For passive houses, a maximum deviation from the south of 10 ° should be maintained. For low-energy houses, the south-facing façade can deviate up to 30 °. The zoning of living and recreation rooms should be oriented to the south, so that they can benefit from direct sunlight even in winter. On the north side, adjoining rooms, stairs and the entrance area should be arranged, the temperature level can be kept lower there in winter. |
❷ Importance: With decisions on a quarter or urban masterplanning a high potential of energy savings arise from definition of building's orientation and zoning. |
❸ Risks: - Might somehow limit the owners freedom of functional use of the building - There is a need for knowledge on how to use passive solar gains effectively (without causing active cooling measures) and reduce the overall final energy demand |
❹Standards and
Regulations: Some local building guidelines define building orientation or at least roof orientation. Passive-house standard gives very good instructions to use passive solar gains. |
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1,9 | Optimize Solar Access in Urban Layout |
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❶Description of the
Action The analysis of the passive solar potential calculates the solar radiation on the façade in order to determine the heating of the building by solar energy. Decisive factors are the orientation of the main or energy gain facade and the distances between the buildings, as well as the planting locations and growth heights of trees as a source of shade. The optimization and scenario development of the planning status serves as a basis for the preparation of the development plan and for coordination with all parties involved. Active solar use optimises solar energy production on roof and facade surfaces. Roof shape, roof orientation and roof pitch are considered as well as possible shadows. Each roof and facade has information on the solar energy potential for the use of photovoltaics and solar thermal energy. |
❷ Importance: - Passive gains and increased use of renewable energies - Energy saving and thus reduction of energy costs - Good marketing opportunities for the building plots - Comprehensive planning options for municipalities - Contribution to climate protection and sustainability |
❸ Difficulty: - Higher planning effort for the preparation of a development plan - Data basis necessary |
❹Standards and
Regulations: Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC |
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1,10 | Work with Urban Microclimate |
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❶Description of the
Action Urban structures are climatically very different from their surroundings. Distinctive are differences in temperature, wind conditions and precipitation distributation as well as a much higher degree of air pollution. The influence of built structures is most evident trough the formation of an urban heat island. The newly developed thermal or urban climate zones further subdivide the urban climate on the basis of the following factors: - surface roughness - proportion of sealed surfaces - sky view factor - heat receptiveness - albedo - human heat production The microclimatic and bioclimatic quality of the outdoor areas is of great importance for the well-being and a healthy living environment. Due to global climate change and the expected changes in the urban climate, the importance of this topic is increasing. |
❷ Importance: - Health and well-being of residents and users (high air quality, avoidance of heat stress) - Stability of ecosystems and thus securing the supply base - Reduction of energy consumption by avoiding technologies for air conditioning and air cleaning in buildings - Increased productivity of employees |
❸ Difficulty: Data base |
❹Standards and
Regulations: - VDI 3785 - VDI 3787 |
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1,11 | Consideration of Thermal / Electrical Microgrids on District Level |
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❶Description of the
Action A microgrid on district level is an energy system, which, within a defined boundary, provides electricity as well as thermal energy for heating and cooling for several facilities. Key drivers are: need of electricity in remote places, grid security and survivability, customer need for more reliable and sustainable service. Examples of district energy microgrids, which serve building clusters, are those which implement combined heat and power (CHP). Common CHP technologies are: microturbines, gas turbines, reciprocating engines, fuel cells. University of California San Diego Microgrid: The microgrid project supplies electricity, heating, and cooling for 450 hectare campus with a daily population of 45,000. It consists of two 13.5 MW gas turbines, one 3 MW steam turbine, and a 1.2 MW solar-cell installation that together supply 85% of campus electricity needs, 95% of its heating, and 95% of its cooling. |
❷ Importance: - The technology of microgrids reduces losses due to transport and distribution of traditional grids. - Integrated system is more efficient than separate generation. This implicates lower emissions of pollutants. - Suitable for the implementation of the concept of energy flexibility and demand response. |
❸ Difficulty: Development and complexity of implementation of business models |
❹Standards and
Regulations: EEE 1547.4 - 2011: Guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of DR Island Systems with EPS |
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1,12 | Consideration of Seasonal Storage on District Level |
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❶Description of the
Action Seasonal thermal energy storages (STES) are systems developed to face the problem of the long-term discrepancy between heating energy generation from renewables and building heating demands. Together with a higher integration of renewable and industrial waste energy sources, STES provide system flexibility and stability. Three technologies are available: - Sensible heat storage: Heat stored through enhancing of the temperature of a medium. - Latent heat storage: Heat stored through phase change of a medium. - Chemical storage: Heat stored through chemical reaction of a medium. |
❷ Importance: Excess heat is stored and is used to compensate heat shortages. Seasonal storage allows solar energy to cover all heating loads. |
❸ Difficulty: - Specific heat, thermal conductivity, stratification - Latent heat and chemical storage are not mature technologies |
❹Standards and
Regulations: First projects try to generate performance indicators for seasonal storage like https://www.aee-intec.at/index.php?seitenName=projekteDetail&projekteId=224&lang=en |
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1,13 | Definition of Basic envelope attributes and Energy Targets |
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❶Description of the
Action Even before the design of a building, basic envelope and energy related targets should be decided. Setting the energy targets for the building envelope may be done in different ways: 1) Specific requirements for different building elements (thermal transmittance and air tightness) 2) Average U-value and air tightness for the building envelope including building elements, windows, thermal bridges etc. 3) Average U-value and air tightness for the building envelope in relation to floor area The first method allows for specific requirements but may give very different results as the architectural design of the building will still have a great impact. By setting the requirment for the building envelope on average values, it is possible to handle the relation between window quantities and need for insulation etc. The third option will give the projects the freedom to cope with architecture and building envelope in an integrated way. E.g. a compact building can have more windows etc. |
❷ Importance: >70 % of the energy demand for heating in buildings designed with balanced mechanical ventilation with heat recovery will be due to transmission losses through the building envelope. |
❸ Difficulty: The state of knowledge is in general low. |
❹Standards and
Regulations: - EN ISO 13789, EN ISO 6946, EN ISO 9972, EN ISO 10211 |
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1,14 | Definition of Integrative Design Team |
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❶Description of the
Action In order to develop a comprehensive concept for urban development, various institutions should work together to analyse the potential of the area and include it in the planning. - Environmental engineers analyse the potential of the area (energetic specialist, city climate, protection of species, geology, water) - Data specialist (geo information systems) analyse traffic, building standards, waste, noise - Urban planners / architects analyse traffic / landscape planning - Integral consultant and social planner could be involved |
❷ Importance: Only through the cooperation of many planners, the area can be optimised in terms of its potential. |
❸ Difficulty: - Data security - Data status / availability - kommunication |
❹Standards and
Regulations: When settting up regulations for an energetic optimized spatial planning process it is necessary to analyse, calculate and plan in a integrated planner team |
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1,15 | Preparation of budget for renewables and estimate return on investment/ LCC |
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❶Description of the
Action Rough cost figures (cost/kWpsolar, cost/kWhsolar, cost/kWheat pump, etc) need to be defined in order to make rough estimates regarding investment in renewables and to enable trade of calculations between energy efficiency and investment in renewables. The investor also clearly needs to define expectations and boundary conditions, such as: discount rate, yield, etc. Tariffs for different energy carriers need to be defined. Furthermore, if an investor considers investing in renewables that export energy, the expected export capacity and export tariffs also need to be defined. Evaluations may only consider investment and energy cost reductions for renewables. However. They could also include co-benifits, such as publicity value, increased property value etc. |
❷ Importance: The LCC expectations from the investor is important and will have a direct effect on the possiblities to use renewable energy techniques. |
❸ Difficulty: - Predicting costs for investment and future energy tarriffs is complex - Small changes in calculation period, yield etc. may have big effects - Different stakeholders/investors has different ways of analysing economy (it´s not physics) |
❹Standards and
Regulations: - EN 60300, ISO 15686 |
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1,16 | Connection request for PV / drilling permit for geothermal |
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❶Description of the
Action - Photovoltaics: The PV LEGAL project, financed by the Intelligent Energy Europe programme, showed that administrative requirements can represent a considerable share of the development costs of a project, where photovoltaic systems are implemented onto a building. An efficient grid connection process is fundamental to lower the costs and increase the competitiveness of PV. - Geothermal: A common EU-wide minimum standard to get a drilling permision for the use of geothermal energy has not been developed yet. Each member state has its own regulation. Therefore it is not possible to define a common action. |
❷ Importance: If planners are very early involved in the plans for using PV or geothermal energy in NZEB, the respective permissions to connect to the grid or to drill into the ground can be requested in time. |
❸ Difficulty: Main identified barriers are those related to permitting procedures, grid connection rules and technical standards. |
❹Standards and
Regulations: - |
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1,17 | Requirements Analysis |
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Description of the
Action Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining owner and user expectations for a new product like NZEB. These requirements or functional specifications must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. Requirements analysis is an important aspect of the project management. It can be used to detail and determine the expectations of owners but also users regarding urban planning or NZEB planning aspects. |
❷ Importance: Requirements analysis is a team effort that demands a combination of hardware, software and human factors engineering expertise as well as skills in dealing with people. Ensuring that the final planning of an area or on NZEB conforms to client needs - good mediated and communicated process, not leading to mold user expectations to fit the requirements, but motivating to declare requirements. |
❸ Difficulty: - Could become costly process - Demands communication effort |
❹Standards and
Regulations: - From software products and services side: 29148-2011 - ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard - Systems and software engineering -- Life cycle processes --Requirements engineering - Project management side: Quality management systems - Requirements (ISO 9001:2015), etc. |
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1,18 | Apply Strategy towards efficient use of land |
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❶Description of the
Action Land use should be limited as far as possible. This not only ensures the economical and careful use of fertile land, but also minimizes costs. The reuse or subsequent use of an unused area is important. Sealed area causes problems: - Precipitation water cannot seep away, the groundwater level is sinking. - Rainwater must be drained into the sewerage system. There it mixes with the wastewater and thus increases the costs for wastewater disposal. - Evaporation decreases, the air becomes dry and the microclimate changes. - Sealed surfaces heat up strongly. Therefore, the temperature in the cities is higher than in the open countryside. - Loss of the soil as a natural resource and pollutant filter, as a habitat for animals and plants as well as a recreation and nature experience area for people. Existing buildings should be assessed to get more storeys or the living area to be densified, the envelope to be possibly greened up. |
❷ Importance: Positive effects for climate and the environment |
❸ Difficulty: - Ambitious planning for geometry and foundation - Additional effort to convince current residents |
❹Standards and
Regulations: - 20/07/2016 - COM/2016/479 |
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1,19 | Assesment of the Potential for Decentralized renewable power generation |
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❶Description of the
Action Decentralized power generation means the generation of electrical power in small power plants or plants close to consumer. This type of generation is opposed to electricity generation in large-scale plants such as coal and nuclear power plants. The small power stations - combined heat and power plants, photovoltaic plants or small wind turbines, for example - feed energy directly into the low-voltage grid. The decentralized generation of "green" power comprises in particular: - Combined heat and power plants based on fossil and renewable fuels - Wind turbines - Photovoltaic systems - Geothermal cogeneration plants and power plants |
❷ Importance: Energy losses during power transport can be minimized by shortening the transmission paths. This means that energy can be fed into existing networks with almost no intermediate losses. Centralized and decentralized power supply systems can co-exist and complement each other. |
❸ Difficulty: Usually higher investment and maintenance costs have to be expended. |
❹Standards and
Regulations: Country-specific initiatives based on the EPBD 2010, which implies decentalized energy generation as follows: "The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby." |
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